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15 Technology-Based Carbon Pathway · TTS Annex C
🏗️

Carbon Capture, Utilisation
& Storage (CCUS)
TTS v1.0 - Annex C

CCUS captures fossil-origin CO₂ directly from industrial point sources - cement kilns, steel blast furnaces, hydrogen reformers, and fossil power plants - before it reaches the atmosphere, then permanently stores it geologically or incorporates it into long-lived materials. As an avoided-emissions pathway rather than an atmospheric removal pathway, CCUS issues Reduction credits and plays a central decarbonisation role for hard-to-abate industrial sectors that have few lower-carbon production alternatives.

Technological TTS v1.0 Annex C ⏳ Class II–III ● Active
Submit CCUS Project View TTS v1.0 Annex C →
90%+
Typical flue gas capture rate
100–1,000+ yr
Storage timescale (Class II–III)
$50–$150
Current cost per tonne
5
Approved methodologies
CCU-M01 through CCU-M05
Teravent Methodology Codes · TTS Annex C
View TTS Annex C →
Overview

How this pathway works

Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage captures CO₂ directly at the point of industrial emission - before dilution into the wider atmosphere - using post-combustion, pre-combustion, or oxy-fuel capture chemistry matched to the facility's process design. Cement kilns face a particular challenge unique among industrial emitters: roughly half of cement process CO₂ comes from the calcination of limestone itself, a chemical reaction with no fossil-fuel-switching alternative, making capture the primary decarbonisation lever for the sector.

Under the Teravent Technology-Based Carbon Standard (TTS v1.0) Annex C, CCUS projects earn Teravent Technology Credits of the Reduction type (TTC-D) for verified net tonnes of industrial CO₂ captured and either permanently stored (via the Annex G geological storage protocol) or incorporated into long-lived materials, net of full lifecycle project emissions. Because the CO₂ source is fossil or process-origin rather than atmospheric or biogenic, CCUS credits represent avoided emissions rather than atmospheric removal - an important distinction credit buyers should understand when selecting a claim type.

Five methodology variants are approved under Annex C, spanning the three principal capture chemistries (post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxy-fuel) plus a cement-specific process emissions methodology and a materials-utilisation route. Each specifies its own capture energy penalty, storage or utilisation route, and sector-specific baseline.

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Class II–III durability, by storage route. Credits issued under TTS Annex C carry Class III permanence (>1,000 years, buffer 2–15%) where CO₂ is geologically stored per Annex G, or Class II permanence (100–1,000 years, buffer 7–25%) where CO₂ is incorporated into long-lived materials with a defined but shorter service life. The durability class is determined by the storage or utilisation route selected, not by the capture methodology itself.
Governing Standard

TTS v1.0 - Annex C

This pathway is governed exclusively by the Teravent Technology-Based Carbon Standard (TTS v1.0). No external registry, standard, or methodology is referenced or incorporated. All requirements - additionality, quantification, durability, safeguards, and credit issuance - are defined within TTS v1.0, Annex C, and - where geological storage is selected - the shared storage requirements of Annex G.

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TTS-001-v1.0 · Annex C · Active
Teravent Technology-Based Carbon Standard
TCR› TTS v1.0› Annex C - CCUS› CCU-M01 through CCU-M05
M02 Three-test additionality; regulatory surplus test carries particular weight given rising CCS mandates in some jurisdictions
M03 Quantification and MRV - Net TTC formula, continuous CO₂ metering at ±2% accuracy, sector-specific process emissions factors
M04 Class II or III durability by storage/utilisation route · Buffer 2–25% · SIRR or material-service-life assessment
M05 Just Transition Plans required for CCUS projects at industrial facilities; air quality and water DNSH
M06 Ten-stage registration process; 17-element PDD including storage integrity plan or materials service-life documentation
M07 TTC serial: TCR–TTS–D–CCU–[Country]–[ProjectID]–[Vintage]–[Unit]
View Full TTS v1.0 → Jump to Annex C Storage Requirements (Annex G)
Teravent Technology Credit - Serial Number Format (TTS Annex C · Reduction)
TCR – TTS – D – CCU – IN – 00032 – 2025 – 000047
Registry TCR
Standard TTS v1.0
Pathway Code CCU
Credit Type TTC-D - Reduction Credit
Durability Class II–III · by storage route
Methodologies Accepted

Five approved methodology variants

TTS v1.0 Annex C approves five discrete methodology types for the CCUS pathway, spanning capture chemistry and end-of-capture destination. A facility may combine capture methodology with either storage route (geological, per Annex G) or a materials utilisation route (CCU-M05), but must declare the selected destination at registration since it determines durability class and buffer requirements.

💡
Sector matters as much as chemistry: The same capture chemistry (e.g. post-combustion amine scrubbing) can apply to a coal power plant, a steel blast furnace, or a cement kiln - but each carries a different baseline, process emissions profile, and additionality context. Projects must select the methodology matching their capture chemistry and document their specific industrial sector and facility baseline in the PDD.
CCU-M01
Post-Combustion Capture
Amine scrubbing or equivalent capture applied to flue gas after fuel combustion at power, cement, or steel facilities
▾

Post-combustion capture retrofits an amine scrubbing unit (or equivalent solvent-based system) to an existing facility's flue gas stack, capturing CO₂ after combustion is complete without modifying the core combustion process. This is the most widely deployable CCUS methodology, applicable across fossil power generation, cement kilns, steel blast furnaces, and refineries, and is the default retrofit route for existing industrial assets.

Applicable Sectors
Power, cement, steel, refining
Typical Capture Rate
85–95% of flue gas CO₂
Metering Requirement
Continuous CO₂ flow, ±2% accuracy
Energy Penalty
Solvent regeneration heat deducted from net credit
Storage/Utilisation Route
Geologic (Annex G) or materials (CCU-M05)
TRL
8–9, mature commercial technology
Key Monitoring Indicators
  • Continuous CO₂ capture rate at scrubber outlet via calibrated metering, ±2% accuracy
  • Solvent regeneration steam/heat consumption logged for lifecycle energy penalty deduction
  • Facility fuel input and baseline (uncontrolled) emissions factor documented per sector-specific protocol
  • Amine solvent degradation and make-up rate, with any solvent emissions to atmosphere assessed under DNSH air quality provisions
  • Selected storage or utilisation route monitoring per Annex G or CCU-M05 respectively
CCU-M02
Pre-Combustion Capture
CO₂ separated from syngas prior to combustion, typically at hydrogen production or IGCC power facilities
▾

Pre-combustion capture applies to facilities that convert a fossil fuel into syngas (a hydrogen and CO mixture) before combustion or synthesis - steam methane reforming for hydrogen production, or integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation. The water-gas shift reaction converts CO to CO₂, which is then separated using pressure-swing adsorption or physical solvent scrubbing at higher partial pressure than post-combustion flue gas, typically achieving lower capture energy penalty per tonne.

Applicable Sectors
Hydrogen (blue H₂), IGCC power, ammonia
Typical Capture Rate
90–95% of process-stream CO₂
Metering Requirement
Continuous CO₂ flow, ±2% accuracy
Co-Product Allocation
Emissions allocated between CO₂ credit and H₂/power co-product
Storage/Utilisation Route
Geologic (Annex G) or materials (CCU-M05)
TRL
7–9, sector dependent
Key Monitoring Indicators
  • Continuous CO₂ capture rate at syngas separation outlet, ±2% accuracy
  • Feedstock (natural gas, coal) input rate and carbon content per batch
  • Co-product output (hydrogen, ammonia, power) tracked for lifecycle emissions allocation
  • Water-gas shift conversion efficiency and unconverted CO slip to atmosphere
  • Selected storage or utilisation route monitoring per Annex G or CCU-M05 respectively
CCU-M03
Oxy-Fuel Combustion Capture
Fuel combusted in near-pure oxygen rather than air, producing a highly concentrated CO₂ flue stream requiring minimal separation
▾

Oxy-fuel combustion replaces ambient air with a near-pure oxygen stream (produced via air separation unit) for fuel combustion, eliminating atmospheric nitrogen dilution and producing a flue gas that is predominantly CO₂ and water vapour. After water condensation, the resulting stream requires only compression and drying rather than chemical solvent-based separation, at the cost of the substantial electricity required to produce the oxygen stream.

Applicable Sectors
Power generation, cement (retrofit or new-build)
Typical Capture Rate
>95% of flue gas CO₂
Metering Requirement
Continuous CO₂ flow, ±2% accuracy
Energy Penalty
Air separation unit electricity deducted from net credit
Storage/Utilisation Route
Geologic (Annex G) or materials (CCU-M05)
TRL
6–8, less commercially mature than M01/M02
Key Monitoring Indicators
  • Continuous CO₂ capture rate at post-condensation outlet via calibrated metering, ±2% accuracy
  • Air separation unit electricity consumption logged for lifecycle energy penalty deduction
  • Oxygen purity and combustion efficiency at the boiler or kiln
  • Technology Readiness Level documentation updated at each verification for TRL-based additionality screening
  • Selected storage or utilisation route monitoring per Annex G or CCU-M05 respectively
CCU-M04
Cement Process Emissions Capture
Capture targeting the calcination-derived CO₂ fraction unique to cement production, alongside fuel combustion emissions
▾

Cement production emits CO₂ from two distinct sources: fuel combustion in the kiln, and the chemical calcination of limestone (CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂) - a reaction with no fuel-switching alternative, typically responsible for roughly 50–60% of a cement plant's total process emissions. This methodology applies capture technology (often post-combustion or oxy-fuel, per CCU-M01/M03) specifically calibrated to address both the combustion and process emissions streams together, since cement kiln exhaust combines both sources in a single flue gas stream requiring separate baseline treatment.

Applicable Sector
Cement (clinker production)
Emission Source Split
~50–60% process (calcination), ~40–50% combustion
Metering Requirement
Continuous CO₂ flow, ±2% accuracy, source-apportioned
Baseline
Clinker-specific process emissions factor required
Storage/Utilisation Route
Geologic (Annex G), or CO₂ Concrete Curing (Annex J)
Regulatory Context
Process emissions rarely covered by fuel-switching mandates
Key Monitoring Indicators
  • Continuous CO₂ capture rate apportioned between calcination process emissions and fuel combustion emissions
  • Clinker production volume and raw meal composition per batch, for process emissions factor calculation
  • Alternative fuel (waste-derived fuel) co-firing rate, since this changes the combustion-source emissions baseline
  • Where captured CO₂ is used in concrete curing, overlap check against Annex J to prevent double-registration
  • Selected storage or utilisation route monitoring per Annex G or CCU-M05/Annex J respectively
CCU-M05
Materials Utilisation Route
Captured industrial CO₂ incorporated into long-lived materials as an alternative to geological storage
▾

Rather than geological injection, this methodology covers captured CO₂ that is chemically incorporated into a durable end product - polymers, mineral aggregates, or other long-lived carbon-embedding materials - where the CO₂ is bound within the material's molecular or crystalline structure for the duration of the product's service life. This methodology governs the utilisation-side accounting only; where the resulting material is itself a registered Teravent pathway (e.g. CO₂ Concrete Curing under Annex J, or Synthetic Carbon Materials under Annex I), the utilisation must be registered under that pathway instead to avoid double registration.

Durability
Class II · Material (100–1,000 yr, by product type)
Buffer Pool
7–25% (by product service-life confidence)
Service-Life Documentation
Independent engineering assessment required, minimum 50 years for Class II
End-of-Life Tracking
Chain-of-custody to product disposal or recycling required
Cross-Pathway Check
Must not overlap with Annex I or Annex J registration
Metering Requirement
CO₂ mass incorporated per unit of product, ±2%
Key Monitoring Indicators
  • CO₂ mass incorporated per unit of finished product, verified by material composition analysis
  • Independent engineering service-life assessment for the specific product and application
  • Product distribution and end-use tracking to prevent double counting of embodied-carbon claims by downstream purchasers
  • End-of-life disposition monitoring - landfill, incineration, or recycling - since this affects long-term carbon retention
  • Confirmation the same mineralised or incorporated tonnes are not separately registered under Annex I or Annex J
Project Boundary & GHG Accounting

Which emission sources must be counted

TTS v1.0 Module 3 requires a full lifecycle GHG emissions inventory within the project boundary, deducted from gross captured CO₂ to arrive at the Net TTC figure. Sector-specific process emissions factors (particularly for cement) must be used rather than generic industry averages.

Required
Captured CO₂ (Gross)
Primary benefit quantity. Continuously metered CO₂ mass flow at the capture outlet, apportioned between process and combustion sources where both are present (notably CCU-M04).
Required
Capture Energy Penalty
All electricity and thermal energy consumed by the capture process itself - solvent regeneration, air separation, pressure-swing operation - applying the applicable grid emissions factor per TLP v1.0.
Required
Baseline Facility Emissions Factor
A documented sector-specific baseline (uncontrolled emissions per unit output) against which the capture rate is measured, using clinker-specific, steel-process-specific, or power-generation-specific default factors as applicable.
Required where material
CO₂ Transport (If Not Co-Located)
Pipeline or truck transport emissions where captured CO₂ is transported from the industrial facility to a separate storage or utilisation site.
Excluded
Uncaptured Facility Emissions
CO₂ released from the facility that is not captured (the residual fraction after the methodology's typical capture rate) remains outside the crediting boundary and is addressed, where applicable, under the facility's own separate compliance obligations.
Excluded - Prohibited Use
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Storage of captured CO₂ for the purpose of enhanced oil recovery is categorically excluded from TTS v1.0 eligibility under Module 1 project exclusions, regardless of storage permanence claims.
MRV Confidence

Measurement, reporting
& verification

Teravent's Science Advisory Board assesses each pathway against four MRV dimensions. CCUS benefits from decades of industrial gas metering experience, giving very high capture quantification confidence, though sector-specific baseline determination - particularly for cement process emissions - introduces some additionality complexity.

Capture QuantificationVery High
Storage/Utilisation MonitoringHigh
Baseline DeterminationMedium–High
Additionality ClarityMedium
🔬 Measurement Requirements - TTS Module 3

CO₂ capture is quantified via continuous flow metering at ±2% accuracy at the capture system outlet, with source apportionment required where a facility has both process and combustion emissions streams (notably cement, CCU-M04). Sector-specific baseline emissions factors - clinker-specific for cement, per-tonne-of-steel for blast furnaces, per-unit-output for power - must be applied rather than generic defaults, and updated as facility efficiency or fuel mix changes. Where CO₂ is routed to geological storage, monitoring follows the Annex G protocol; where routed to materials utilisation (CCU-M05), an independent engineering service-life assessment substitutes for subsurface monitoring.

Additionality

Demonstrating additionality

TTS v1.0 Module 2 requires all projects to pass a three-test additionality framework. For CCUS, the regulatory surplus test carries particular weight and complexity, given an increasing number of jurisdictions now mandate or incentivise carbon capture for new industrial construction in hard-to-abate sectors.

1
Regulatory Surplus Test
The capture activity must not be mandated by any legally binding emissions performance standard, carbon capture requirement, or facility permit condition. Where a jurisdiction mandates capture for new cement, steel, or power facilities above a certain emissions threshold, projects must demonstrate the achieved capture rate or storage volume exceeds the mandated minimum.
2
Common Practice Test
Mature capture technologies deployed at TRL 8–9 (typically CCU-M01, CCU-M02) require a full common practice survey, documenting the proportion of comparable regional facilities in the same industrial sector already capturing emissions absent carbon finance. Earlier-stage deployments (CCU-M03 oxy-fuel) may qualify for the automatic TRL-based screen at TRL 7 or below.
3
Financial Additionality Test
Carbon revenue must be necessary for the capture retrofit specifically. Developers must submit a discounted cash flow analysis isolating capture, compression, and storage/utilisation costs, net of any 45Q-equivalent tax credits, carbon border adjustment considerations, or direct government grants (disclosed under Module 8), demonstrating these incremental costs exceed available revenue absent carbon credit income.
ℹ️
Government incentive disclosure: Where a project receives direct government grants, capital cost subsidies, or per-tonne carbon capture tax credits for the same captured CO₂, this must be disclosed to the TSA at registration under Module 8. Double-claiming the same carbon benefit under both a government incentive programme and Teravent credits is prohibited.
Leakage Assessment

Leakage types & deductions

TTS v1.0 Module 3 defines three leakage types applicable across all engineered pathways. CCUS is primarily subject to energy-source leakage and production-shifting leakage, the latter reflecting the risk that a facility subject to capture costs may lose market share to uncontrolled competitors.

Energy-Source Leakage
Grid Electricity Displacement
Where capture equipment (solvent regeneration, air separation) draws electricity from a constrained grid, its consumption may increase marginal fossil generation elsewhere. Facilities without a dedicated renewable power purchase agreement must apply the regional marginal emissions factor.
Deduction: applicable regional grid factor, TLP v1.0
Production-Shifting Leakage
Carbon Leakage to Uncontrolled Competitors
Where a captured facility's product (cement, steel) faces higher costs than uncontrolled regional competitors, production may shift to facilities without capture, offsetting the emissions benefit. Applicable primarily in regions without a carbon border adjustment mechanism.
Default: 3–8%, sector and region dependent
Induced Fossil Extraction Leakage
Enhanced Oil Recovery Risk
Because EOR use is categorically prohibited, projects routing captured CO₂ to geological storage must demonstrate through chain-of-custody documentation that injection does not incrementally enable oil or gas extraction.
Zero-tolerance exclusion · verified each period
Permanence & Durability

Buffer pool & reversal risk

CCUS durability depends entirely on the selected storage or utilisation route. Geologically stored CO₂ (via Annex G) carries Class III permanence; materials-incorporated CO₂ (CCU-M05) carries Class II permanence, reflecting the shorter and more variable service life of manufactured products relative to geological formations.

Methodology / Route Durability Class Buffer Pool Rate Primary Reversal Risks
CCU-M01–M04 + Geologic Storage Class III 2–15% Storage complex reversal per Annex G SIRR assessment
CCU-M05 Materials Utilisation Class II 7–25% Product end-of-life disposal releasing embedded CO₂; shorter/uncertain service life
CCU-M04 + Concrete Curing (Annex J) Class III 2–8% Confirmed carbonate mineral formation in cured concrete; low reversal risk once cured
⚠️
Reversal notification: For geologically stored credits, project proponents must notify the TSA within 72 hours of a reversal event at the storage site, per Annex G. For materials-utilisation credits (CCU-M05), proponents must notify the TSA within 30 days of confirmed premature product disposal or failure that releases embedded CO₂ ahead of the documented service-life projection. Buffer pool credits are cancelled proportionally to the verified carbon loss in either case.
Eligibility Requirements

Key registration criteria

Projects must meet all of the following minimum requirements to qualify for registration under TTS Annex C. Additional methodology-specific requirements are detailed in the Annex C methodology tables for each CCU-M code.

✓
Continuous CO₂ mass flow metering installed at the capture system outlet, calibrated to ±2% accuracy by an accredited instrumentation provider
✓
Sector-specific baseline emissions factor documented and submitted at registration, updated whenever facility efficiency or fuel mix changes materially
✓
Ten-stage registration process completed, from technology eligibility assessment through validation to ongoing verification, per TTS Module 6
✓
Seventeen-element Project Design Document submitted, including a storage integrity plan (geologic route) or independent materials service-life assessment (CCU-M05)
✓
Three-test additionality demonstrated with particular attention to regulatory surplus given jurisdiction-specific CCS mandates
✓
Just Transition Plan submitted for facilities undergoing significant workforce or operational change as part of the capture retrofit, per Module 5
✓
Do No Significant Harm review covering air quality (solvent emissions, oxygen plant impacts) and water use
✓
Explicit written confirmation that no captured CO₂ is directed to enhanced oil recovery or any other prohibited use under Module 1
✓
Cross-pathway overlap check confirming CCU-M05 materials utilisation tonnes are not separately registered under Annex I (Synthetic Carbon Materials) or Annex J (CO₂ Concrete Curing)
✓
Government production incentive or capital grant disclosure submitted at registration and updated at each verification period
Co-Benefits & SDGs

Sustainable Development
Goal alignment

All Teravent registered CCUS projects must complete an SDG impact assessment at registration and at each verification period. Three SDGs are systematically tracked for this pathway, reflecting its role in industrial decarbonisation and the associated workforce transition. Projects may apply for co-benefit quality labels where independently verified indicators are met.

SDG 9 · Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure SDG 13 · Climate Action SDG 8 · Decent Work & Economic Growth
Zero Fossil Input+
Facilities powered entirely by verified renewable or nuclear electricity for the capture process itself (though not necessarily the underlying industrial process) are eligible for the Zero Fossil Input co-benefit label.
Circular Feedstock+
Materials utilisation projects (CCU-M05) using captured CO₂ in products that themselves incorporate recycled or waste-derived feedstocks are eligible for the Circular Feedstock label.
Community Benefit+
Facilities with a verified Just Transition Plan demonstrating workforce retraining, continued employment, or community investment during the capture retrofit are eligible for the Community Benefit+ label.
Frontier Technology+
TSA TAP-designated first-of-kind oxy-fuel (CCU-M03) or novel cement process capture (CCU-M04) deployments with independently peer-reviewed methodology are eligible for the Frontier Technology label.

Deployment scope: Global - wherever cement, steel, hydrogen, and fossil power facilities operate, with the greatest decarbonisation urgency in regions with concentrated heavy industry and limited access to cleaner production alternatives.

Continue Exploring

Related pathways

🌾
TTS Annex B · Technological
Bioenergy with CCS
→
🛢️
TTS Annex G · Technological
Geologic CO₂ Storage
→
💎
TTS Annex I · Technological
Synthetic Carbon Materials
→
🏗️ CCUS · TTS Annex C

Ready to register your
CCUS project?

Submit a Project Concept Note under TTS v1.0 Annex C to begin your registration. Select the CCU-M code matching your capture chemistry, choose a storage or utilisation route, install continuous CO₂ metering, and appoint an accredited VVB to validate your PDD.

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